How to Write Research Papers

How to Write Research PapersIf you want to know how to write research papers in the present time, then you should understand the basic skill of a researcher. There are some techniques that you need to use in order to have a brilliant research paper. You also need to know the ways that will allow you to give the best advice to your fellow researcher and earn their respect for you.First, you need to do your own research for the scientific aspect of your study. First impressions are very important and it will help you in building your confidence. Always be responsible about what you do in order to get the right knowledge in a proper way. For instance, if you know that your co-researcher will be answering a certain question in the written examination, then you need to research on this topic first so that you can answer it properly. Make sure that you do not mention the question lightly or with a small amount of research.In terms of writing a research paper, you should not just rely on fa cts alone but also refer to any supporting material. The information that you use should be logical and if you lack it, then you should at least cite it so that your co-researcher will understand. You need to make sure that all the questions that you have on your mind are known to your co-researcher so that he or she can follow your paper properly.Research papers have to be well-organized. It is also important that the information is presented in an organized manner. If you find it difficult to put the research data in a form of an article, then you need to prepare an outline. Try to fit the findings as a part of the summary before ending the entire paper.Once you have done your research thoroughly, you should understand the various pieces of information that you gathered. Then, you need to organize these facts in an orderly way so that your co-researcher will find them easier to understand. Try to arrange the information as if it were a complete piece of report in a journal.Writing research papers in the present time is not easy if you do not know what you should write. You should never be embarrassed when you cannot come up with a good conclusion to your paper. Make sure that you give your co-researcher a well-written summary because in this way, he or she will be able to interpret it in a better way.Writing research papers in the present time requires you to have a wide range of research experience. When you are asked to write a research paper, you must remember that the topic that you have chosen is related to the area of study that you are going to do. The topic of your paper is not the only thing that matters. It is also important that you are able to produce a well-written research paper.The most important thing that you need to consider when you are writing a research paper is the proper terminology that you will use. For instance, you can refer to the research papers as the research papers when you are studying cancer. However, if you are writing a re search paper in the field of aeronautics, then you should refer to it as the aviation research papers. It is important that you know the terms that you are going to use because it will help you in using the appropriate terminology.

Negative Effects of Today’s Food on Elementary-Aged...

In today’s culture, people judge food by its convenience and taste. Processed and fast foods are quick, easy, and taste fairly good. Children, especially, enjoy fast food and packaged snacks. While this may seem a good solution to this fast-paced society, it is actually a dangerous habit. Fifteen percent of children ages six to nineteen are overweight, and the number is growing (Back to School). Even if a child is not obese, he often does not eat healthy and faces the danger of becoming overweight. Processed and preserved foods and fast food negatively affect elementary-aged children’s health and future lifestyle. First, consider the convenience factor. Processed and preserved foods are easy to obtain and stay fresh for long periods of†¦show more content†¦They satisfy hunger briefly but deplete the body of key nutrients and induce cravings. These convenience foods’ energy output exceeds nutritional input. Consequently, your body is forced to work harder to digest, absorb, and eliminate what they offer in nutritional value. Because of this, modern convenience foods do not provide sufficient nutrients to allow a child to reach full potential of health or proper functioning. They are key factors in chronic degenerative diseases, learning disabilities, and dental disease (Sheppard 1). However, these dangerous foods are what make up many children’s diets today. Secondly, consider low-fat food. Many believe this is the solution to unhealthy foods. The problem with this method is that while low-fat foods do not contain fat, there are high amounts of sugar and salt added. This makes up for the loss of taste and texture when the fat is removed. Low-fat foods are more dangerous than full-fat foods for several reasons. Firstly, all the sugar and salt added is just as unhealthy as fat. Secondly, people tend to eat more of a food when it is low fat because they feel guilt-free. Larger portions of low-fat foods are even more unhealthy than eating full-fat foods. Finally, children need fat in order grow; it provides building blocks for their bodies. Replacing fat with sugar and salt is extremely detrimental to a child’s health. School lunches are also a factor in the rise of childShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects of Today’s Food on Elementary-Aged Children Essay1463 Words   |  6 Pages In today’s culture, food is often judged by its convenience and taste. Processed and fast foods are quick and easy, and taste fairly good. Children especially enjoy fast food and packaged snacks. But while this may seem a good solution to the fast-paced society we live in, it is actually a dangerous habit. 15% of children ages 6-19 are overweight, and the number is growing (Back to School). Even if a child is not obese, he often does not eat healthy and faces the danger of becoming overweightRead MoreCombating Childhood Obesity And Its Effects1122 Words   |  5 Pages2016 In today’s society it is easy to get caught up into living a sedentary and unhealthy lifestyle. With new technologies, social media, etc, people are choosing to opt out of doing much active work and are choosing to do things from the comfort of their own bed or couch. Many people choose to enjoy the luxuries of online shopping, banking, mail, socializing, ordering food, games, and even dating! Additionally, United States citizens have fully embraced the fast food industry for someRead MoreThe Food And Beverage Industry1410 Words   |  6 Pagestheir favorite foods in early childhood and keep them throughout their life. The food and beverage industry has responded to America’s food passion. They have increased sugar in drinks and offer larger portions of food as well. The food and beverage industry has also specialized in food that appeals to children alone. From the exciting music, vibrant colors, celebrity filled commercials and the prizes promised in every box of ce real, children have become one of the main targets of the food and beverageRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity Essay1238 Words   |  5 PagesThese days eating processed food become most common and have led to the overweight and obesity. Worldwide obesity has increase more than doubled since 1980. McDonald’s serving 46 million people in 118 countries that has 30,000 restaurant (brownell horgen, 2004). Eating junk food has led to obesity and being overweight is not just how you look, the more you become overweight the more risk will increase of developing various health problems. There are many reasons of being obese, their risk in healthRead MoreObesity Is A Common Problem1222 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States. About 22 million children were obese at the age of five in 2007 (Stern and Kazaks 1), and this trend keeps growing every year. Effects of obesity control quality of life from something as simple as ease of mobility to as serious as mental health issues regardin g low self-esteem. The negative impact of obesity influences daily life from breaking down traditional family meals, the amount of physical activity being done, and problems that obese children are facing. Obesity is a conditionRead MorePublic Schools Children Should Receive The Best Of Food Standards2313 Words   |  10 Pagesschools children should receive the best of food standards. Should the best of food standards include brand named junk food such as Cheetos, Hostess, Cola, and Pop-tarts? The availability of junk food has become very convenient. In many cases junk food is sold during school hours in school. This fact is causing very bad health habits in children and later on leading to future health problems. Surveys show the growth in child obesity an how American’s feel toward the issue. This easy junk food accessRead MoreChild Obesity Paper2748 Words   |  11 PagesAmerica, as more alarming statistics begin to emerge - including estimates that 30% of all adults and as many as one-third of all children in the US are obese. About one in five children in the United States is now overweight! (Child Obesity Facts, 1999, para.2) Childhood obesity has lasting psychological effects, due to parental knowledge, lack of physical activities, and food advertisement; which has made obesity become a major health issue in many young childrens lives today. First, what is childRead MoreOut of School Youth2071 Words   |  9 PagesCarbillon, April Ann T. Technical Writing and Scientific Reporting Course/Year/Section: BSE II – English Time Schedule: TTH – 2:00 – 3:30 Title: Out of School Youth in the Philippines ABSTRACT This study shows the reasons and effects why there are out of school youth. It also indicates the children’s rights are deprive form the privileges to have a free education of the government. The researcher included also the statistical analysis of the population of the young people whoRead MoreWhy Are Tests Scores Falling Schools?2065 Words   |  9 Pageseducation possible. State school boards have spent numerous hours studying the nutritional value of food served at school. They believe that healthier food options can cut the amount of struggling students. From their studies, they have found a direct correlation between nutrition, cognition and psychosocial behavior. Many studies look at the nutritional benefits of proteins, vitamins, and food substances as they affect learning and brain function. The conclusion is our schools have the potentialRead More TV Advertising and its Effect on Children Essay2895 Words   |  12 PagesAdvertising and its Effect on Children Today’s children are unique in many ways from previous generations, but perhaps the most influencing on our young children today is Television advertisements. In 1997, the nation’s estimated 34 million children age 12 and under will have spent or influenced spending of a record $500 billion (Horovitz 1997). There is obviously a great deal of interest in this subject, many books have been written, and many studies and reports done on the effects of TV advertising Negative Effects of Today’s Food on Elementary-Aged... In today’s culture, food is often judged by its convenience and taste. Processed and fast foods are quick and easy, and taste fairly good. Children especially enjoy fast food and packaged snacks. But while this may seem a good solution to the fast-paced society we live in, it is actually a dangerous habit. 15% of children ages 6-19 are overweight, and the number is growing (Back to School). Even if a child is not obese, he often does not eat healthy and faces the danger of becoming overweight. One of the main culprits in this problem is the food that children eat. Processed and preserved foods and fast food negatively affect elementary-aged children’s health and future lifestyle. Processed and fast foods are also known†¦show more content†¦The last type is fake foods. These are basically chemicals with gum and sugar fillers. Because these are nutrient-poor and loaded with calories, they satisfy hunger briefly, but deplete the body of key nutrients and induce cravings. Convenience foods’ energy output exceeds nutritional input. They cost your body more to digest, absorb, and eliminate what little they offer in nutritional value. Because of this, modern convenience foods don’t provide sufficient nutrients to allow a child to reach full potential of health or proper functioning. They are key factors in chronic degenerative diseases, learning disabilities, and dental disease (Sheppard 1). But these dangerous foods are what make up many children’s diets today. Many believe the solution to this problem of unhealthy foods is low fat. The problem with this method is that while low-fat foods do not contain fat, there are high amounts of sugar and salt added in order to make up for the loss of taste when the fat is removed. Low-fat foods are more dangerous than full-fat foods for several reasons. Firstly, all the sugar and salt added is just as unhealthy as fat. It still causes weight gain. Secondly, people tend to eat more of a food when it is low fat because they feel guilt-free. Larger portions of low-fat foods are even more unhealthy than eating full-fat foods. Finally, children need fat in order grow; it provides building blocks for their bodies.Show MoreRelatedNegative Effects of Today’s Food on Elementary-Aged Children Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s culture, people judge food by its convenience and taste. Processed and fast foods are quick, easy, and taste fairly good. Children, especially, enjoy fast food and packaged snacks. While this may seem a good solution to this fast-paced society, it is actually a dangerous habit. Fifteen percent of children ages six to nineteen are overweight, and the number is growing (Back to School). Even if a child is not obese, he often does not eat healthy and faces the danger of becoming overweightRead MoreCombating Childhood Obesity And Its Effects1122 Words   |  5 Pages2016 In today’s society it is easy to get caught up into living a sedentary and unhealthy lifestyle. With new technologies, social media, etc, people are choosing to opt out of doing much active work and are choosing to do things from the comfort of their own bed or couch. Many people choose to enjoy the luxuries of online shopping, banking, mail, socializing, ordering food, games, and even dating! Additionally, United States citizens have fully embraced the fast food industry for someRead MoreThe Food And Beverage Industry1410 Words   |  6 Pagestheir favorite foods in early childhood and keep them throughout their life. The food and beverage industry has responded to America’s food passion. They have increased sugar in drinks and offer larger portions of food as well. The food and beverage industry has also specialized in food that appeals to children alone. From the exciting music, vibrant colors, celebrity filled commercials and the prizes promised in every box of ce real, children have become one of the main targets of the food and beverageRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity Essay1238 Words   |  5 PagesThese days eating processed food become most common and have led to the overweight and obesity. Worldwide obesity has increase more than doubled since 1980. McDonald’s serving 46 million people in 118 countries that has 30,000 restaurant (brownell horgen, 2004). Eating junk food has led to obesity and being overweight is not just how you look, the more you become overweight the more risk will increase of developing various health problems. There are many reasons of being obese, their risk in healthRead MoreObesity Is A Common Problem1222 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States. About 22 million children were obese at the age of five in 2007 (Stern and Kazaks 1), and this trend keeps growing every year. Effects of obesity control quality of life from something as simple as ease of mobility to as serious as mental health issues regardin g low self-esteem. The negative impact of obesity influences daily life from breaking down traditional family meals, the amount of physical activity being done, and problems that obese children are facing. Obesity is a conditionRead MorePublic Schools Children Should Receive The Best Of Food Standards2313 Words   |  10 Pagesschools children should receive the best of food standards. Should the best of food standards include brand named junk food such as Cheetos, Hostess, Cola, and Pop-tarts? The availability of junk food has become very convenient. In many cases junk food is sold during school hours in school. This fact is causing very bad health habits in children and later on leading to future health problems. Surveys show the growth in child obesity an how American’s feel toward the issue. This easy junk food accessRead MoreChild Obesity Paper2748 Words   |  11 PagesAmerica, as more alarming statistics begin to emerge - including estimates that 30% of all adults and as many as one-third of all children in the US are obese. About one in five children in the United States is now overweight! (Child Obesity Facts, 1999, para.2) Childhood obesity has lasting psychological effects, due to parental knowledge, lack of physical activities, and food advertisement; which has made obesity become a major health issue in many young childrens lives today. First, what is childRead MoreOut of School Youth2071 Words   |  9 PagesCarbillon, April Ann T. Technical Writing and Scientific Reporting Course/Year/Section: BSE II – English Time Schedule: TTH – 2:00 – 3:30 Title: Out of School Youth in the Philippines ABSTRACT This study shows the reasons and effects why there are out of school youth. It also indicates the children’s rights are deprive form the privileges to have a free education of the government. The researcher included also the statistical analysis of the population of the young people whoRead MoreWhy Are Tests Scores Falling Schools?2065 Words   |  9 Pageseducation possible. State school boards have spent numerous hours studying the nutritional value of food served at school. They believe that healthier food options can cut the amount of struggling students. From their studies, they have found a direct correlation between nutrition, cognition and psychosocial behavior. Many studies look at the nutritional benefits of proteins, vitamins, and food substances as they affect learning and brain function. The conclusion is our schools have the potentialRead More TV Advertising and its Effect on Children Essay2895 Words   |  12 PagesAdvertising and its Effect on Children Today’s children are unique in many ways from previous generations, but perhaps the most influencing on our young children today is Television advertisements. In 1997, the nation’s estimated 34 million children age 12 and under will have spent or influenced spending of a record $500 billion (Horovitz 1997). There is obviously a great deal of interest in this subject, many books have been written, and many studies and reports done on the effects of TV advertising

Reforms Made At Credit Suisse Bank Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1023 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? As we have seen the subprime crisis was in some part caused by the management failings of major investment banks. Several of these banks paid the price through collapse, having to merger with other banks or accept support from Government. Some investment banks however such as Credit Suisse have come out the other side of the crisis in a stronger position than they entered it. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Reforms Made At Credit Suisse Bank Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In this section well look at how Credit Suisse behaved pre-crisis, during the crisis and post-crisis and why it faired better than most. Whilst most would have recognised in 2006 that the markets were heating up, that competitors were doing more and more business, markets were becoming more and more liquid, moving more and more quickly. Management at Credit Suisse were also seeing warning signs, they were noticing the lower market returns for risk taking, they were seeing spreads compress, and watching revenues remain strong based on ever increasing volumes. The Risk department at Credit Suisse were also noticing that VaR was declining, especially in fixed income, which might lead you to take more risk, however Credit Suisse had developed other tools within their Risk Department that enabled them to take a more conservative position. Along with pulling back from sub-prime CDOs the bank made another major strategic change, which it announced in the second quarter of 2007. Thi s strategy was to reduce its proprietary trading, and focus instead on increasing flow trading, which is essentially a focus on clients and looking to make money through the volume. Brady Dougan, the CEO of Credit Suisse explained, It has been accepted wisdom in the industry for the past 10 years that the easiest way to make money has been proprietary trading and deploying your own capital, with the client-side of the business considered more challenging in terms of trying to make a decent return, but we believe that if we can run a business that is extremely client-focused and which provides value for our clients then that will create superior returns and lower volatility in our returns. It will also differentiate us from the rest of the industry. This move away from using the banks capital to generate profits also helped to stand it in good stead during and post the GFC. The below figure shows that Credit Suisse went in to the GFC with the largest capital strength of its peers, this was helped by the fact that it, like UBS has a successful Private Banking division which looks after funds for wealthy individuals. It was able to make it through the crisis without taking any government assistance, increasing its tier 1 ratio to 16.3% in 2009. Increasing capital requirements in financial institutions has been muted as a one of the takeaways from the GFC, and even before the GFC capital requirements were a part of BASEL II, however many argue that holding capital is a waste and prevents banks from generating profits. Credit Suisse has throughout 2009 and in to 2010, been able to hold perhaps the highest capital ratio of its peers, whilst at the same time generate a return on equity as good or better than its peer group. The latest results, 2010, Q1, showed Credit Suisse generating a net income of CHF 2.1 billion, with an industry leading return on equity of 22.3% and a tier 1 ratio of 16.4%. So it would seem that Credit Suisse management have chosen a good strategy, for the time being at least. Compensation It appears that the highest profile areas of concerns about the banks within the media, the public and from Governments, has been around the compensation paid to bankers. Again this was discussed in more detail earlier in this essay, its worth noting how Credit Suisse has behaved and reacted in this area. Credit Suisse has led the industry in reforms of the compensation model, in December 2008, it introduced a bonus system in which senior investment banking employees received part of their comp for 2008 in toxic assets. Bonus packages were made up of three elements. The first was cash, which was subject to clawback. The second was deferred stock or other instruments whose performance was related to CS stock. The third was the distribution of units that were linked to the market value of illiquid assets stuck on the banks balance sheet. (1) This system based on toxic assets has recently paid out, and generated very large payments to those senior staff on the scheme, as the toxic assets had greatly increased in value, though media coverage of the large bonuses was not a problem, possibly due to the success of the scheme in that it was linked to the success of the toxic assets and the business over a longer period of time. At the end of 2009, Credit Suisse implemented further changes to its compensation structure aimed to be consistent with the best practices announced by the G-20. Brady Dougan described the key elements of the new plan for Managing Directors and Directors: The key elements of the new plan for Managing Directors and Directors are: first, that an increased proportion of compensation will be paid as base salary beginning in 2010, and second, that discretionary year-end variable compensation will now be awarded in three parts. The first part is the cash element, which will not be subject to conditions after payment. Its percentage of the total variable award will be determined by a table. The second and third parts will be deferred, will gene rally vest over three to four years and will be divided equally between Scaled Incentive Share Units à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­ a new version of our existing ISUs à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­ and the Adjustable Performance Plan. The Adjustable Performance Plan is a new cash-based award which will earn a return equal to Credit Suisses return on equity in profitable environments but will have a mechanism which will adjust any unvested awards downward if a business area is loss-making. (2) So in summary, Credit Suisse has successfully changed its business model, changed its compensation model, and maintained its emphasis on risk management, to come through the crisis in a very favourable position and show leadership in the area of reforms that are being called for by the Governments, media and public around the world.

Milton s Paradise Lost Lanyer s Eve s Apology Who...

Sama Alaa El Feky 900121886 Monday, May 23, 2016 Professor Justin Kolb Seventeenth Century Literature Paper 3 Milton’s Paradise Lost Lanyer’s Eve’s Apology: Who makes the better Eve argument? Being the first to fall for the biggest sin and the sole representation of women, God’s Eve has been distinctively portrayed countless times. Both John Milton and Aemilia Lanyer convey two stimulating views of Eve. Milton in Paradise Lost captures Eve as a rebel who risks an entire mankind to evil, while Lanyer in Eve’s Apology in Defense of Women completely defends Eve’s innocence, insisting she is collateral damage out of Adam’s actions. They use Adam and Eve as symbols of their sex to shape women’s nature and role. Although the poets’ arguments are clearly different from each other, their perceptions of Eve as a woman are awfully similar. Compared to Milton’s, Lanyer’s poem falls flat as she seems to support his belief, which is that women are too weak and incapable. In her attempt to defend women, Lanyer misses the fact that she is not only attacking men but also women, only strengthening Milton’s argument. One one hand, John Milton argues against women ever being equal to men through Eve in Paradise lost. God himself made men have a higher status than women, so they simply can never be equal. Milton completely blames Eve for the fall, as naturally when she persistently tries to escape the gender boundaries and seek equality or superiority over Adam, the result is disastrous.

Hard Rock free essay sample

Hard Rock’s three main internal information systems (restaurant operations, merchandising, and financial)? Why was this a problem? [Table] 2. What’s the solution? [List] -Putting a data warehouse system oTo store restaurant point-of-sales customer data, merchandise sales, customer demographic, preference oTo link data via the Web -Installing chain-wide merchandise system -Putting Radius inventory management system Adopting Lawson software financial module, lotus notes oTo update on a daily basis oTo create a common ledger for all stores allowing the system to automatically reconcile numbers for every cafes oTo reduce workload for finance staff The new systems and data warehouse are accessible through companywide intranet, allowing employee to look up customer detail and other information with just one click. 3. What’s the role of CRM? [List] How does the data in a CRM differ from that of a POS? Table) -To build and strengthen relationship between company and its customer ex. Hard Rock building an online community. We will write a custom essay sample on Hard Rock or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To capture information about customers and give them customized details in order to drive customer revisit. -To gain personal information about customer and use it to offer personalized service. oHard Rock gift certificate which can be redeemed on the website by using identification number in return of personal information and survey. To track customers both on the Web and in the restaurants, which allows company to offer promotion based on user behavior. -To trace online visitors and track how they respond to certain promotions. -To have a better understanding of each customer. -To take in account customers’ needs and question. -To deliver services or product that satisfies customers. -To interact with customers and analyze these interactions to maximize revenue/ profits and customer satisfaction

Lawrence Essays - Moral Psychology, Ethics, Educational Psychology

Lawrence Kohlberg Lawrence Kohlberg conducted research on moral development, using surveys as his major source of assessment. He presented surveys with moral dilemmas and asked his subjects to evaluate the moral conflict. In developing his theory, he made an intensive study using the same survey techniques of the bases on which children and youths of various ages make moral decisions. He found that moral growth also begins early in life and proceeds in stages throughout adulthood and beyond which is until the day we die. Influenced by Piaget's concept of stages, Kohlberg's theory was created based on the idea that stages of moral development build on each other in order of importance and significance to the person. On the basis of his research, Kohlberg identified six stages of moral reasoning grouped into three major levels. Each level represented a fundamental shift in the social-moral perspective of the individual. At the first level, the preconventional level, concrete, individual perspective characterizes a person`s moral judgments. Within this level, a Stage 1 heteronomous orientation focuses on avoiding breaking rules that are backed by punishment, obedience for its own sake and avoiding the physical consequences of an action to persons and property. As in Piaget's framework, ego-centrism and the inability to consider the perspectives of others characterize the reasoning of Stage 1. At Stage 2 there is the early emergence of moral reciprocity. The Stage 2 orientation focuses on the instrumental, pragmatic value of an action. Reciprocity is of the form, "you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours." The Golden Rule becomes, "If someone hits you, you hit them back." At Stage 2 one follows the rules only when it is to someone's immediate interests. What is right is what's fair in the sense of an equal exchange, a deal, an agreement. At Stage 2 there is an understanding that everybody has his (her) own interest to pursue and these conflict, so that right is relative in the concrete individualist sense. Individuals at the conventional level of reasoning, however, have a basic understanding of conventional morality, and reason with an understanding that norms and conventions are necessary to uphold society. They tend to be self-identified with these rules, and uphold them consistently, viewing morality as acting in accordance with what society defines as right. Individuals at Stage 3 are aware of shared feelings, agreements, and expectations, which take primacy over individual interests. Persons at Stage 3 define what is right in terms of what is expected by people close to one's self, and in terms of the stereotypic roles that define being good. Being good means keeping mutual relationships, such as trust, loyalty, respect, and gratitude. The perspective is that of the local community or family. There is not as yet a consideration of the generalized social system. Stage 4 marks the shift from defining what is right in terms of local norms and role expectations to defining right in terms of the laws and norms established by the larger social system. This is the "member of society" perspective in which one is moral by fulfilling the actual duties defining one's social responsibilities. One must obey the law except in extreme cases in which the law comes into conflict with other prescribed social duties. Obeying the law is seen as necessary in order to maintain the system of laws which protect everyone. Finally, the post conventional level is characterized by reasoning based on principles, using a "prior to society" perspective. These individuals reason based on the principles, which underlie rules and norms, but reject a uniform application of a rule or norm. While two stages have been presented within the theory, only one, Stage 5, has received substantial empirical support. Stage 6 remains as a theoretical endpoint which rationally follows from the preceding 5 stages. In essence this last level of moral judgment evokes reasoning rooted in the ethical fairness principles from which moral laws would be devised. Laws are evaluated in terms of their coherence with basic principles of fairness rather than upheld simply on the basis of their place within an existing social order. Thus, there is an understanding that elements of morality such as regard for life and human welfare transcend particular cultures and societies and are to be upheld irrespective of other conventions or normative obligations. There is some controversy that Kohlberg`s theory of moral development is sexist towards women. Kohlberg's theory is based on data drawn from an all-male sample. Kohlberg's six stages that describe the development of moral judgment from childhood to adulthood are based on a study of eighty-four boys

Operations Management and Information Systems The WritePass Journal

Operations Management and Information Systems Introduction: Operations Management and Information Systems Introduction:Advantages and Disadvantages of Open-Source Software:Advantages and Disadvantages of Packaged Software:Analysis:Customer Relationship Management Software:Conclusion:ReferencesRelated Introduction: Operations management in the contemporary business environment requires the application of various strategies which enhance reliability, efficiency, and effectiveness in the process of getting goods to the final consumer. An important aspect of operations management includes supply chain management which suggests that it is essential for a firm to be aware of how it will deliver goods to the final consumer and through which channel or mediums. The contemporary business environment requires the use of technology to support operations management and to enable effective communication with various parties in the production and supply chain process (Bonaccorsi Rossi, 2003). Accordingly, this report focuses upon a boutique business by the name of Heelz and is based in England. The business has gradually grown over the years and now amounts to seven stores out of which two are located in Spain. Thus, the business is looking to internationally expand and gain market share in the European market. Due to the recent expansion, the owner of the business, Sally has purchased a warehouse in South England. Sally wants to launch an e-commerce arm to her existing business but is not interested in incurring excessive additional expenditure. As Sally’s boutique, Heelz and the three new shops she has bought from Zapatos have completely different technological systems; she needs to integrate the two new parts of the business and must also addâ€Å"b2c† e-commerce functionality within her business. Sally’s requirements include full integration of these information systems with the retail stores and not only relying upon return/exchange or purchase o f goods via courier. Sally requires advice on whether the use of open source software is appropriate for her business as she feels that the use of packaged software would be a highly expensive option. This report will focus upon the use of open source software and compare it to the use of packaged software. The report will begin with a general analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of using open-source software. The report will then continue with a comparative analysis of using packaged software and apply it to Sally’s situation in order to determine whether the use of open-source software is appropriate for the business. The report will then continue to explain the Strategic Systems Information Planning Process and conclude with a summary of the main points made in the report. Advantages and Disadvantages of Open-Source Software: The use of open-source software is a relatively new concept which has become increasingly popular over the years. One of the biggest reasons for this popularity is because the use of open –source software is completely free. However, as the software is developed by a non-profit community, it also suffers from some disadvantages. The first advantage of open-source software is free to use and it is also free to distribute to various consumers (Lerner Tirole, 2002). Moreover, it is also easy to modify open-source software. The use of open-source software involves very low costs which amount to only a fraction of the costs associated with using other similar packaged software (Dahlander Magnusson, 2008). Open-source software is accessed by a large community of people thus bugs are fixed instantly and users do not have to wait for the next release of the software to fix problems. Thus, the use of open source software enables the use of a secure and stable code. The use of open-source software is not dependent upon any particular company or person and the use of the software can continue whether the company or the person exists or not. Open source software uses a format which is easily accessible for everyone and does not have problems of being incompatible with certain formats. Moreover, there is no need for the use of anti-piracy measures and complex licensing models like those used in packaged software (Weber, 2004). However, there are various disadvantages of using open-source software which include not being straightforward or easy to use. Thus, such software cannot be learnt in a day and require extensive training or the hiring of a professional before they can be properly used. All functions are not easily used on open-source software and there may be some problems in integrating proprietary software with open-source software. Hardware functions may have a problem in being compatible with open-source platforms which makes it vital to use third-party drivers (Lakhani Von-Hippel, 2003). Hence, it is highly advisable that adopting open-source platforms should not be a choice based upon the low-cost involved. Thus, firms should appropriately analyze and understand the requirements of open-source platforms before they decide to implement and use them in their business (Crowston,   Howison, , Annabi, 2006). Advantages and Disadvantages of Packaged Software: Packaged software include IT solutions which are bought from companies offering a whole solution to IT applications with various functions. Such software includes customer relationship management software, enterprise management software, and other solutions which help companies organize their customer records and operations and provide an efficient flow of information from one party to another. Using packaged software solutions enables a firm to use smaller programs in which applications are all together. As packaged software solutions are offered at an expensive price, the software packages are also easy to use. Moreover, they also offer a number of functions integrated into one package and thus means it is easier for companies to connect all of their outlets or stores with one software solution (Chen Popovich, 2003). However, there are also certain disadvantages associated with the use of packaged software which include the fact that once a bug or a defect is discovered in packaged software, it may take substantial time to fix this problem or it may only be corrected when a new version of the software is developed. Moreover, purchasing a packaged software solution may be highly expensive for a firm and may require ample effort in integration with all the IT systems of the firm. Moreover, packaged solutions have limited functions and are thus focused upon certain processes rather than providing unlimited functions which may be available in other open-source software packages. Hence, while packaged solutions do offer substantial advantages to the consumer, they also pose a certain number of disadvantages as well. Accordingly, it is important for a firm to analyze whether it is appropriate for it to use a packaged solution or whether it is appropriate for it to use another IT solution according to i ts specific requirements (Reinartz, Krafft, Hoyer, 2003). Analysis: Sally’s boutique, Heelz, has expanded to a large extent and is now internationally dispersed in Europe with three outlets. Moreover, as Sally has added a warehouse in South England to her business, there is a need for her to be able to integrate all of her retail outlets, warehouse, and her customers via one system. While Sally does not wish to incur immense overhead costs, she is more interested in using open-source software packages to integrate her e-commerce system. However, as mentioned above, while using open-source software platforms may be low-cost and economical for some firms, it is vital to not only consider the low-cost aspect of using open-source software but a firm should consider its particular circumstances (Xu et al, 2002). In Sally’s case, using open source software would provide her with an economical solution, a variety of functions, and the ability to make the software compatible with different systems. However, the problems posed with the use of open-source software are that it is less reliable, may not be efficient, and may also be highly confusing to use. It may also be problematic to use open-source software while attempting to integrate it with various hardware systems. As Sally has to integrate various parts of her business with her â€Å"b2c† e-commerce solution, she requires a reliable network which would also be customized to suit her needs and appropriately attend to the requirements of the Heelz brand name. Thus, while she does not want to incur excessive cost, using open-source technology may not be appropriate to suit the reliability and efficiency needs of her business. Moreover, she is likely to incur excessive costs by using open-source technology as she would probably have to train workers to use the software that   she opts to use and it would be difficult to integrate the software on all the hardware systems in her various stores (Parvatiyar Sheth, 2001). Accordingly, as Sally’s operations are dispersed across borders and she needs to integrate the stores, warehouse, and her customers with one another, she needs a reliable and efficient solution which will be easy for her customers to use, easy for her workers to use, and will also best project the Heelz brand name. Hence, it is most appropriate for Sally to use a packaged software solution for her business rather than using an open-source platform (Wilson, Daniel, McDonald, 2002). The next section of this report will explain how Sally can go about integrating various parts of her operations including her warehouse, stores, and customers with one packaged software solution. Customer Relationship Management Software: As Sally wants to set up a â€Å"b2c† e-commerce system and integrate its warehouse and stores through one IT solution, it may be most beneficial for the company to use customer relationship management software. Such software can provide the company with a number of functions which include placing orders and making payments via credit card and other means, communicating with customers, making new offers, and ordering new stock when there is insufficient stock available. Thus, the company will remain in touch with customer demands, be able to forecast future customer preferences, communicate with customers and receive feedback regarding previous stock, and inform customers of new forthcoming stock. Moreover, using such software can make it easier for the company to anticipate future demand trends, keep accurate customer records, and design effective marketing campaigns based upon customer preferences and feedback. It will also enable the company to appropriately manage its supp ly chain and order stock that is needed instead of piling up unwanted stock (Ryals Knox, 2001). In order to integrate CRM software upon all of its systems, the company must ensure that all of its systems are compatible with the software selected and then must install the software upon all of its systems including the company’s warehouse, retail stores including the newly purchased ones from Zapatos, and with its customers. As the software may be relatively easy to use, the company must simply make all of its employees familiar with the use of these systems through one to two training sessions and can then use the systems to their advantage (Mithas, Krishnan, Fornell, 2005). Using a packaged software solution can enable the company to make maximum use of the functions it offers and integrate the software effectively within all of its dispersed operational outlets. Moreover, the company can opt for an economical packaged solution and as it may be a one-time investment, it may not incur the company excessive overhead costs. However, considering the fact that reliability and efficiency are very important for the company because of its growing size and needs, the company should not opt for an open-source IT solution (Mendoza et al, 2007). Conclusion: Thus, according to the specific requirements of Heelz boutique and its growing size, this report concludes that it is most appropriate for the company to opt for packaged solutions in order to integrate its various operational outlets and its customers. The company cannot opt for open-source technological platforms because of their complex nature and because the company’s needs are likely to change often in the coming years. Moreover, the company requires a highly reliable and stable solution which can help the company grow its operations and effectively communicate with its customers (Jayachandran et al, 2005). 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